External Influence

External influence has become a defining feature of contemporary geopolitics, as major powers and regional actors seek to shape political, economic, and security outcomes beyond their borders. This theme examines how states project influence through military cooperation, infrastructure investment, diplomatic engagement, and economic leverage. Particular attention is given to the strategies employed by actors such as the United States, China, Russia, and emerging middle powers as they compete for partnerships, access to resources, and strategic positioning. By analysing security agreements, development finance, and political relationships, this section highlights how influence networks reshape regional dynamics and alter local balances of power.